JURONG ISLAND

Jurong Island is an artificial island located to the southwest of the main island of Singapore, offJurong Industrial Estate. It was formed from the amalgamation of several offshore islands, chiefly the seven main islands of Pulau Ayer Chawan, Pulau Ayer Merbau, Pulau Merlimau, Pulau Pesek, Pulau Pesek Kecil, Pulau Sakra and Pulau Seraya. This was done through land reclamation. Land reclamation on Jurong Island was completed on September 24, 2009, 20 years earlier then scheduled. Jurong Island forms a land area of about 32 km² (12 sq mi) from an initial area of less than 10 km² (4 sq mi). Jurong Island is the largest island in Singapore (excluding themainland).

The outlying islands of Pulau Ayer Chawan, Pulau Ayer Merbau, Pulau Merlimau and Pulau Seraya were used to house fishing communities comprising small villages up to the 1960s. The villagers lived in Malay-style wooden stilt houses on the palm-fringed islands. Between late-1960s and early-1970s, three big oil companies planned to house their facilities on Pulau Ayer Chawan for Esso, Pulau Merlimau forSingapore Refinery Company and Pulau Pesek for Mobil Oil.

Sources : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurong_Island

WAKATOBI ISLAND

Wakatobi is the name of an archipelago located in an area of Sulawesi Tenggara (South Eastern),Indonesia. The name Wakatobi is derived from the names of the main islands that form the archipelago: Wangiwangi Island, Kaledupa, Tomea, and Binongko. The group is part of a larger group called the Tukangbesi Islands.

The archipelago, located in the biodiverse hotspot known as Wallacea. It is part of the Wakatobi National Park.

The Wakatobi is also home to Operation Wallacea, a UK based for non-profit conservation group looking at sustainable development of fisheries and coral reef research. An independent non-commercial website ^[1] has been set up about the marine park. This website contains tourist and travel information about the wakatobi, with additional resources about the biodiversity, conservation and local people.

The area of Wakatobi is fast gaining a reputation as one of the top dive spots around. This small collection of islands in the south east of Sulawesi enjoys some of the healthiest coral fields you are likely to see. The rich waters mean an abundance of marine life in all its forms and the area is now regularly visited by liveaboards.

Wakatobi is one of the newest and most exciting diving destinations in Indonesia, winning extraordinary praise from its visitors both for outstanding and accessible diving and the quality of service they receive from the dive operation.

Although it is simple enough to get to with charter flights from Bali, you still have the remote pioneer-diving feel when enjoying these sites. For fans of Wakatobi diving it is not only that there are so many incredible dive sites within easy reach of the resort, being only a short speedboat ride away, but also that a few fin kicks from the shore lies the best house reef in the world.

For serious divers looking for the one of the finest diving experiences in Indonesia, this could well be the place.

Sources : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakatobi

MOUNT BROMO

The most popular and well known of East Java's tourist attractions is undoubtedly Bromo Mountain.
The pre-dawn departure and trek across the mountain's famous 'sand sea',
to watch the sunrise at the crater rim, has become something of a ritual, enacted daily by people of every nationality.

Mount Bromo (Indonesian: Gunung Bromo), is an active volcano and part of the Tengger massif, in East Java, Indonesia. At 2,329 metres (7,641 ft) it is not the highest peak of the massif, but is the most well known. The massif area is one of the most visited tourist attractions in East Java, Indonesia. The volcano belongs to the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park.

Mount Bromo sits in the middle of a vast plain called the Sand Sea (Indonesian: Lautan Pasir), a protected nature reserve since 1919. The typical way to visit Mount Bromo is from the nearby mountain village of Cemoro Lawang. From there it is possible to walk to the volcano in about 45 minutes, but it is also possible to take an organised jeep tour, which includes a stop at the viewpoint on Mount Penanjakan (2,770 meters) (Indonesian:Gunung Penanjakan). The best views from Mount Bromo to the Sand Sea below and the surrounding volcanoes are at sunrise. The viewpoint on Mount Penanjakan can also be reached on foot in about two hours. From inside the caldera, sulfur is collected by workers.

Sources : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bromo

TANGKUBAN PERAHU MOUNTAIN

Tangkuban perahu is a volcano, 25 kilometers north of Bandung direction of Lembang. This is Bandung's most famous tourist volcano just 28 km north of the city. This volcano offers many places to see and explore. Whether we look into the huge crater or hike down into it, stroll through the forest on its slopes, or simply enjoy the splendid panoramic scenery. Mt. Tangkuban Perahu is an interesting destination that everyone in the Bandung area is fond of visiting. When seen from Bandung, Mt. Tangkuban Perahu has a distinctive shape, like an upside down boat. Tangkuban Perahu means, in fact, "up-turned boat" This peculiar shape has stimulated the fantasy of the Sundanese people from early times as expressed in the Legend of Sangkuriang. Geologically, Mt. Tangkuban Perahu has played a significant role in the development of Parahyangan highlands. Eruptions have contributed immensely to the hills north of Bandung through lava flowing into the valleys and hardening into rock, thus forming big cliffs over which waterfalls leap. Likewise, mud flows have formed a semi-circular cone of gentle gradient (what geologists call "a fan"), which is now a mass that blocked the valley of the ancient Citarum River near present day in Padalarang (some 18 km west of Bandung), this caused a lake to form covering the whole Bandung plain.

Losari Beach in Makassar

All over Indonesia, there is usually a beach which means to offer we a beauty view of nightfall. This place is Losari Beach in Makassar, Sulawesi Island. The upon all sides of this beach is along north to south of this seashore creates Losari Beach means to serves we nightfall as well as morning during a single point.

Losari Beach has vital upon all sides since it lies upon a executive indicate of Makassar city. It lies along some-more or reduction 4 kilometers away. This beach can be strech simply by categorical highway of a city which is because there have been most general as well as important hotels set up along this place.

The most appropriate time for we to come as well as revisit Losari beach is around 3 to 9 PM. You can lay behind relax as well as suffer this purify beach, or if we wish to have an exercise, we can take 500 meters jogging lane along a pedestrians. Losari beach serves we purify air as well as unstoppable breeze blows, additionally a red as well as goldish object who brush faces along a beach side. Along a beach, we can additionally get normal internal dishes as well as snacks. You can get Coto Makassar, unique dishes from Makassar, as well as additionally alternative seafood which served with unique recipes of Bugis community, peculiar village in Makassar.

BIRTH OUTSIDE MARRIAGE IN UNITED KINGDOM

* experiencing what age among pregnant outside marriage?

who in the UK a lot of kids who are not only pregnant, but also perform the abortion.The number is quite a lot. A study conducted by The Sun shows a very surprising discovery. In the last eight years 15 of the 10 teenagers in England and 39 teenage girls who were aged 11 years, known to be pregnant.

The study also proved that if 300 girls aged 13 years in England and Wales, registered pregnant each year. Meanwhile, since 2002 registered 63,487 pregnancies experienced by 15-year-old girl, nearly 23 pregnancies in one day.

Startling figures released today by The Sun after doing research with community Freedom of Information. These surprising results since 2002 also concluded that if as many as 268 pregnancies experienced by 12-year-old girl, while the 2527 pregnancies experienced by adolescents 13 years and 14,777 pregnancies are also experienced by adolescents 14 years.

Most figures actually experienced by adolescents aged 15 years, who are still vulnerable at age pregnancy rate has recorded a number of 45.861.
While until now the youngest female adolescents who reported 11-year-old pregnant, while the youngest teens who have given birth in the 12-year-old child.

>> http://www.apakabar.ws/forums/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=53795#p137629

* what the biggest problem of pregnancy outside of marriage?

Socio-Cultural Factors Influence Condom Use?

The researchers suggested that in fact the social and cultural factors can cause young people are reluctant to use condoms during sexual intercourse.
In a study of young people under the age of 25 years, there is a feeling not believe the 'safety device' and also there who think that by always carrying a condom will affect the experiences and sensations that they had found in sexual activity.
In a review of 250 studies of sexual behavior among young people, researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine discovered a fundamental similarity, which affect the sexual behavior of people in some different countries.
"From this study can be concluded that the key to helping young people understand sexual behavior and the reasons why they prefer to have sex without protection," said Dr. Cicely Marston and Eleanor King in a medical journal The Lancet.
They found, compared with men, sexual freedom of women is generally more limited. If a pregnant woman caught outside of marriage, will get the punishment that shapes vary widely, from criticism to the assassination.
It is also based on a presumption, where a woman is considered to embarrass his family should be killed. However, is not the case in men who have sex outside of marriage.
And depart from these assumptions, the men seemed to have legitimacy, even down to feeling 'should' have a high sexual activity, and that affect its behavior 'wishes' of their sexual relationship. Meanwhile, the women must guard their chastity, according to data from several countries, including England, Australia, Mexico and South America.
Meanwhile, another study, conducted between the years 1990-2004 shows that young people are potentially exposed to the disease suffered by her partner, so when it started to feel the need for condoms. But because not coupled with socialization and perceived only diminishes the enjoyment of sexual intercourse, the condom only option that really can be ignored.
"Our findings could explain why many HIV programs can not run effectively. These programs were only provide information and condoms, without revealing the social factors are very important, so that will not solve existing problems," the researchers said.

>>http://www.kapanlagi.com/a/faktor-sosial-budaya-pengaruhi-penggunaan-kondom.html

Tugas TPMI 1 3rd question

.Why it was only the Nothern Ireland joined to the England or in other word Southern Ireland didn’t join?

Because the majority of people in those areas were Protestant Unionists (descendant from English people "planted" there in the 16th century...planted meaning given the lands of Irish Catholics) who really wanted to remain as part of the United Kingdom.

The UK promised to review the situation after partition with the Border Commission, whose judges were supposed to be impartial, but 2 of the 3 judges were actually Unionists and so, of course, decided that the 6 counties should remain part of the North, despite the fact that large areas of them - such as Derry City - were Nationalist and wished to join the Republic.

sources :

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090611082609AAm09s3

Why were the crosses named St George, St Andrew and St Patrick?
Are those names of important figures or people?

St.George cross is found, for various reasons, on the provincial flag of Huesca , Zaragoza and Teruel as well as the municipal flag for numerous cities, including Montreal , Almería , Milan , Genoa , Padua , Zadar and Freiburg im Breisgau . It is also the basis for the Four Moors flag ofSardinia . Guernsey was permitted to use it as its state flag between 1936 and 1985. Saint George was born to a Christian noble family in Lydda , Palestine during the late third century between about 275 AD and 285 AD, and he died in Nicomedia . His father, Gerontius, was a Roman army official from Cappadocia and his mother was from Palestine.They were both Christians and from noble families of Anici, so by this the child was raised with Christian beliefs. They decided to call him Georgius (Latin) or Geōrgios (Greek), meaning "worker of the land". At the age of 14, George lost his father; a few years later, George's mother, Polychronia, died. Eastern accounts give the names of his parents as Anastasius and Theobaste. lthough the above distillation of the legend of George connects him to the conversion of Athanasius, Edward Gibbon argued that George, or at least the legend from which the above is distilled, is based on George of Cappadocia a notorious Arian bishop who was Athanasius' most bitter rival. According to Professor Bury, Gibbon's latest editor, "this theory of Gibbon's has nothing to be said for it". He adds that: "the connection of St. George with a dragon-slaying legend does not relegate him to the region of the myth". And according to the 4th century historian Rufinus , Athanasius was actually brought up by Christian ecclesiastical authorities from a very early age, beginning while he was merely a young boy George of Cappodocia did have a military connection, but as a black market supplier , and he was strangled to death by an enraged mob, on account of his pillaging and other deprivations, rather than being executed or tortured for his faith.

St. Andrew is believed that the apostle Andrew was crucified on a saltire (X-shaped) cross; hence the name St. Andrew's Cross. He is said to have told his executioners that he was not worthy to be crucified on the same cross style as Jesus, and persuaded them to alter the shape. If this is true, it's a remarkable example of stoicism displayed by a man, no doubt beaten and starved, yet retaining the mental energy to plead such a thing with his brutal executioners. Detailed records of his crucifixion only date back to the Middle Ages, and these records are influenced be the imagination of the medieval artists. But even if the origin is a myth, the cross shape reminds Christians that they should exercise humility. Saint Andrew called in the Orthodox tradition Protokletos, or the First-called, is a Christian Apostle and the brother of Peter the Apostle. The name "Andrew", like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews from the second or third century BC. No Hebrew orAramaic name is recorded for him.

The New Testament records that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter, by which it is inferred that he was likewise a son of Jonah, or John He was born in Bethsaida on the Sea of GalileeBoth he and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that He will make them "fishers of men" At the beginning of Jesus' public life they occupied the same house at Capernaum. Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at Patras (Patrae) in Achaea. Though early texts, such as the Acts of Andrew known toGregory of Tours, describe Andrew bound, not nailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Christ was crucified, a tradition grew up that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the form called Crux decussata (X-shaped cross) and commonly known as "Saint Andrew's Cross"; this was performed at his own request, as he deemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross on which Christ was crucified. The familiar iconography of his martyrdom, showing the apostle bound to an X-shaped cross, does not seem to have been standardized before the later Middle Ages," Judith Calvert concluded after re-examining the materials studied by Louis Réau. Andrew is the patron saint of Patras. According to tradition his relics were moved from Patras to Constantinople, and thence to St Andrews(see below). Local legends say that the relics were sold to the Romans. The head of Andrew, considered one of the treasures of St Peter's Basilica, was given by the Byzantine despot Thomas Palaeologus to Pope Pius II in 1461. In recent years, by decision of Pope Paul VI in 1964, the relics that were kept in the Vatican City were sent back to Patras. The relics, which consist of the small finger, part of the top of the cranium of Andrew and small parts of the cross, have since that time been kept in the Church of St Andrew at Patras in a special shrine and are revered in a special ceremony every November 30.

St.Patrick cross is the red saltire on a white ground probably comes from the Duke of Leinster's coat of arms.

As an honour to senior Irish peers, the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick was founded in 1783 by King George III. From that date, until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the official flag used to symbolise Ireland was a red saltire on white ground and known as St. Patrick's cross. The design was the heraldic arms of the highest-ranking member of the Irish aristocracy and founding member of the Order, the Duke of Leinster.

The red saltire is also used for the flag of the American State of Alabama, on the oldSpanish Cross flag of Burgundy (1506-1785) and on the current flag of Jersey (which also includes the arms of Jersey). St. Patrick has no particular connection with this small island to the south-west of Britain. The traditional belief is that Jersey, along with its neighbouring islands, was granted neutrality by Papal Bull during one of the dozen or so wars between England and France. Since Jersey was able to trade freely with both sides, they rotated the English St. George's Cross to form a red saltire, thereby differentiating their ships from English ships. Saint Patrick (Latin: Patricius) Two authentic letters from him survive, from which come the only universally accepted details of his life. When he was about 14 he was captured from Britain by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Ireland, where he lived for six years before escaping and returning to his family. After entering the Church, he returned to Ireland as an ordained bishop in the north and west of the island, but little is known about the places where he worked and there is no contemporary evidence for any link between Patrick and any known church building. By the eighth century he had come to be revered as the patron saint of Ireland. The Irish monastery system evolved after the time of Patrick and the Irish church did not develop the diocesan model that Patrick and the other early missionaries had tried to establish.

sources :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George's_Cross

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George

http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/andrew.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick's_Flag

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick

http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/patrick.html

History of Union Jack

Why the other name of Union Flag in UK is Union Jack?

United Kingdom consists of 4 countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In the year 1194 AD, Richard I of England introduced the Cross of St. George, a red cross on a white background, as the national flag of England until James I inherited the throne in 1603. James I of England was also King James VI of Scotland and in 1606 the flag of Scotland St Andrew, a diagonal white cross on a blue background, which combined with the Cross of St. George.


In 1707 the flag was known as "The Union" and was flown from the Royal Navy mastheads.The flag was flown from jackstaff. Jackstaff is small flagpole at the bow of the ship from which probably got its name from "Union Jack". Northern Ireland in 1801 became part of the United Kingdom and St Patrick's flag, a red diagonal cross on a white background, added to the Union Jack by King George III. In 1779 there were two more years before St Patrick's flag was added.

Here are pictures of flags from every country "

Union Jack 1801

St.Patrick (Irelandia)

Union Flag 1606

St. Andrew (Scotland)

St.George (England)

But what about the other countries in the United Kingdom, Wales? Because while the first Union Flag was created in 1606, Wales was united with England. Wales can be conquered by the British in the 13th century and in the year 1536, under Henry VIII, Act officially joined the Union of England and Wales. Therefore represented by the flag of Wales is not English or Welsh dragon yellow cross on a black background of St. David.

St. David (Wales Flag)

sources :

http://www.unionjacksupplies.co.uk/unionjack_history.htm